Africa’s unemployment fee seems comparatively low by world requirements. In 2025, the continent’s fee stood at 6.3%. But that determine tells solely a part of the story. More than a 3rd of employed Africans stay in working poverty; they’re employed however stay under the poverty line of $2.15 a day. Most employees are informally employed, and fewer than one in 5 individuals have social safety protection.
Having a job doesn’t essentially imply incomes sufficient to assist a family, escaping poverty, or having safety when issues go mistaken. To perceive the African labour market, it is essential to look past unemployment to look at the kind of work individuals do and the way safe their livelihoods are.
Most Africans work, however most work informally
The International Labour Organisation (ILO) defines employment rate because the share of the working-age inhabitants who’ve labored at the very least an hour for pay or revenue throughout a reference interval of 1 week or seven days.
Under this definition, an individual will be thought of employed even when they work for under a brief interval. The measure captures whether or not somebody has work, however it doesn’t, by itself, set up whether or not that work supplies a safe livelihood.
Africa has a rising working-age inhabitants, with extra younger individuals getting into the labour market annually. The World Bank estimates that Sub-Saharan Africa must create round 15 million jobs yearly to soak up its rising working-age inhabitants. When formal employment doesn’t develop shortly sufficient, individuals nonetheless have to make a residing. Many flip to self-employment or discover work in agriculture, commerce, transport, building, meals companies and different actions.
Much of this work takes place within the casual economic system. In 2025, an estimated 84.4% of employed individuals in Africa have been informally employed, the very best share of any area. While informal employment doesn’t essentially imply a job is poorly paid, when it dominates a area, it raises vital questions on employees’ earnings, safety, and entry to social safety.
Africa’s labour market varies sharply by area
Continental averages conceal completely different labour realities throughout Africa’s areas. In a number of African subregions, low unemployment coincides with excessive casual employment. In West Africa, the unemployment fee stood at 2.9% in 2025, whereas 91.2% of employment was casual. Central Africa recorded an unemployment fee of 6.8% alongside a casual employment fee of 93.1%. In Southern Africa, nonetheless, the unemployment rate was 31.1%, considerably greater than the remainder of Africa, whereas casual employment accounted for under 40% of employment within the area.
The regional variations turn into clearer when working poverty and social safety are thought of alongside unemployment and casual employment.
In Central Africa, 57.7% of employed individuals have been residing in working poverty, whereas solely 7.8% of the inhabitants was lined by at the very least one social protection profit, equivalent to healthcare, pensions, unemployment assist or maternity advantages. Despite having a excessive unemployment fee, Southern Africa’s working poverty stood at 15.3%, whereas social safety protection reached 59.1%.
For Western, Eastern and Central Africa, low unemployment coexists with widespread casual employment and restricted social safety. Meanwhile, Southern Africa has considerably greater unemployment however decrease informality, much less working poverty and broader social safety protection.
Women face a wider hole in job safety
Employment is completely different for women and men. Africa is the one area the place extra girls are informally employed than males. In 2025, 88.6% of employed girls in Africa have been in casual employment, in contrast with 81.2% of employed males.
Women are additionally extra more likely to expertise working poverty and have decrease social safety protection.
Women in Africa additionally carry a disproportionate share of unpaid care and home work. The OECD estimates that girls spend round 4.1 instances as a lot time as males on these actions. This burden can restrict the time out there for paid work and scale back the alternatives girls can pursue.
Measuring work means trying past unemployment
As Africa’s working inhabitants grows, the variety of jobs created shall be vital. But what is much more vital is the standard and safety of these jobs and whether or not employment improves the lifetime of a median African employee.
This has implications for a way Africa measures progress within the labour market. Policymakers have to pay nearer consideration to job high quality, productiveness and social safety as these measures give a fuller image of whether or not financial progress is translating to raised livelihoods.
As new types of work emerge and know-how adjustments how we work, the objective would wish to transcend creating extra alternatives for work. It must also embody making certain that these alternatives can assist a extra productive economic system and safer livelihoods.
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